The US regulators who will decide the fate of Covid-19 vaccines took an unusual step on Thursday: asking outside scientists if their standards are high enough.
The Food and Drug Administration may have to decide by year’s end whether to allow use of the first vaccines against the virus.
On Thursday morning, a federal advisory committee began pulling back the curtain on that decision process, debating whether guidelines the FDA has set for vaccine developers are rigorous enough.
“Vaccine development can be expedited. However, I want to stress that it cannot and must not be rushed,” Marion Gruber, director of FDA’s vaccine research office, told the advisers as they began the daylong deliberation.
Gruber said the public scrutiny “is critical to build trust and confidence in the use of Covid-19 vaccines by the general public and the medical community”.
Exactly how much data his agency needs to be sure a vaccine is safe and effective is a key question for the advisers.
“We will not cut corners, and we will only use science and data to make that determination,” the FDA commissioner, Stephen Hahn, pledged at a meeting of the Milken Institute on Wednesday
An even bigger question: if the FDA allows emergency use of a vaccine before final testing is finished, will that destroy chances of ever learning just how well that shot – and maybe competitors still being studied – really work?
“We can’t lose sight of the fact that it is in our societal interest to see these trials to completion,” said Luciana Borio, a former FDA acting chief scientist who will be watching the advisers’ debate.
Plus, multiple vaccines are being studied – shots made with different technologies that each have pros and cons.
“The first vaccine is not necessarily the best vaccine,” cautioned M Miles Braun, a former FDA scientist now with Georgetown University School of Medicine. If the trials aren’t allowed to finish, it may be difficult or impossible to ever know for sure.
It’s a critical moment in the FDA’s 114-year history. The government has spent billions to race a vaccine through a research process that usually takes years, and FDA faces unprecedented pressure from the Trump administration, fueling public skepticism that politics could overrule science.
Interest is so high, FDA is airing the meeting on YouTube.
FDA is requiring manufacturers to do studies of at least 30,000 people to prove if a vaccine protects and how safe it is.
Those studies must include adequate numbers of people at highest risk from Covid-19 – older adults, minorities and anyone with underlying health problems.
FDA has made clear that any vaccine must be at least 50% effective. And while the studies are designed to run for two years, companies may get enough evidence the shots are protective – in at least some people – to stop the trials early and seek what’s called an “emergency use authorization” for wider vaccinations
Despite White House objections, the FDA told vaccine makers earlier this month not to seek that speedier review until they have tracked at least half their trial participants for two months. With other vaccines, that’s about the amount of time when major side effects crop up.
That’s not long enough, said the head of the non-profit ECRI Institute, which reviews medical technology for hospitals and insurers. In comments submitted to the advisory committee, ECRI’s Marcus Schabacker said FDA should require six months of follow-up.
“Doing any less would simply risk too much, and the consequences may be severe,” he wrote. “A weak vaccine that loses public trust could poison the well for epidemic control for many years.”
Normally when a study ends because of evidence that a vaccine is working, the participants who got dummy shots are offered the real thing.
But if FDA allows emergency use of a Covid-19 vaccine, that’s not the same as having full proof the shot works, Borio cautioned.
And if the participants in the placebo group are immediately offered the real shot, researchers may not be able to get answers about all the high-risk groups in the study – or tell how long the vaccine’s protection lasts, a process expected to take many more months.
But Pfizer Inc, which with Germany’s BioNTech is developing one of the leading candidates, told FDA that if it’s granted emergency use authorization, it “would have an ethical obligation” to alert study participants who got a placebo and allow them vaccine access. The company wants FDA to look into “other scientifically and statistically sound methods” to determine long-term safety and effectiveness.
Pfizer’s stance is likely to face pushback. The Infectious Diseases Society of America states that FDA’s panelists “should insist” that vaccine developers “present a compelling case” for how they will complete their trials if FDA grants early authorization of their vaccine.