Shmini Atzeret & Simchat Torah
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The special mitzvah of waving the 4 species: Esrog, Myrtle, Willow and Lulav.
The Torah says:
"You shall take... the beautiful fruit (Esrog), a palm frond (Lulav), myrtle twigs and willow branches of the stream – and rejoice for seven days before the Lord your God." (Leviticus 23:40)
On Sukkot, we bind all the branches together – two willows on the left, one palm branch in the center, and three myrtles on the right. We hold this bundle in our right hand, and then lift them together with the Esrog. We then shake them all together, three times in each direction: front, right, back, left, up and down. (Sefardim and Chassidim have a different custom for the order.) This mitzvah should be performed during the daytime, each of the seven days of Sukkot (except for Shabbat).
Before waving the four species, we say the following blessing:
To be valid for the mitzvah, the four species must meet certain requirements. Since the details are many and technical, it is not recommended to search through the forest on your own for these species! (Particularly the Esrog, which can easily be confused with a lemon.) A better idea is to purchase a complete set from a reliable distributor. Your local Jewish bookstore may have a "Four Species Set" with a rabbinical seal certifying their validity.
To be an informed consumer, here are some basic requirements to look for:
ESROG
MYRTLE
WILLOW
LULAV