Property, sustainable food production and forest management in sloping lands
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This presentation by Kanchi Kohlu and Manju Menon provides information on upland agroforest mosaic and emerging issues of smallholder farms and community forestry in India's upland areas. It was given at the Forests Asia Summit in Jakarta in May 2014.
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Property, sustainable food production and forest management in sloping lands
- 1. Property, Sustainable Food Production and Forest Management in Sloping lands Kanchi Kohli and Manju Menon India Forest Asia Summit, Jakarta, 5th May 2014
- 2. Separation of farms and forests – important for the colonial project Post 1947 these continued and our agricultural and forestry policies give impression that they provide for different things (schemes and programs of forest and agriculture departments: not linked). Different historical experience of a century of forest regulation in different parts of India
- 3. Forests were separated from food producing areas, but forests provide food, farms provide cash too. What got affected by these hard boundaries was not just mobility, but freedom to choose what is food and how it should be procured Revenue collections improved; forests freed up for business (timber)
- 4. Upland Agroforest Mosaics Uttara Kannada (Karnataka): Western ghats, dominated by farming Brahmins, most studied areas but missed government intervention due to elevation limit (600 m as per planning commission). North Sikkim (Sikkim): border areas, Eastern himalayas, ethnic minorities, understudied, extensive policy interventions to rid backwardness
- 5. Farm- Forest continuum in Uttara Kannada
- 6. Paddy /Millets Cultivation Reserved Forest Betta land Sacred grove Spice Garden
- 7. Multi layered Horticulture system Areca nut Pepper Vanilla Cocoa Banana Coconut Ginger Turmeric Cardamom etc, 24 crops, 46 fruits/ medicine plants
- 8. British officers were persuaded to allow farmer user rights in betta forests. The boundary was light. Forests are close by and part of the productive system, visited everyday, very valuable and cherished. The district has a 70% forest coverage.
- 9. Migration away from farm-forests to cities Rights discourse threatens takeover of betta by farmers . Landuse change: sale of land even though threats from hydro power generation averted in some parts of Uttara Kannada
- 10. Landscapes and Forest Check Posts in North Sikkim
- 11. Rice Terraces and forests near Gangtok Cardamom plantations in Mangan
- 12. Home gardents in Heegyathan village, Dzongu, North Sikkim
- 13. In Sikkim, post 1975 (from independent kingdom to an Indian state): Forest management followed the usual method of separation between forests and farms. Small landholdings more than 65% in Sikkim Prior to this people followed shifting cultivation like most of the rest of the North East India. Cyclical opening up of plots for multicrop farming. Remaining plots were ‘regenerating fallows’.
- 14. Living off farms without forests Large cardamom plantations introduced in North Sikkim to improve the situation of farmers who could now no longer access the forest. Cardamom failure, due to over harvest and pests (Accidents that policies don’t plan for) Integrated systems lost because of individual property rights and hard divisions between forests and farms.
- 15. Small holder farms and community forestry in upland areas: Emerging Issues
- 16. Considered ‘Economically backward’ (Steep slopes, poor soils unsuitable for large scale mainstream cultivation): trapped in geography Program interventions will continue; dams, roads, plantations Emphasis on maintaining forest cover; exclusive conservation areas, sinks (REDD+, sequestration)
- 17. Climate impacts; distress sale and migrations. Land use change: resistance against dams in Sikkim (land based identity politics) Changed scenario due to cardamom failure?: will resistance to land use change still persist
- 19. Reestablish farm-forest connections Systems that allow diversity and choice Encourage mobility for optimal use over seasons and species Emphasise collaborative user mechanisms rather than property rights Outcomes – better life experience, freedom and control over life rather than a set of itemised rights.