Biodiversity and Carbon Conservation in the Face of Oil-palm Development in Indonesia
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This presentation on oil palm development's impact on biodiversity and carbon sequestration was given by CIFOR scientist Daniel Murdiyarso in March 2015.
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Biodiversity and Carbon Conservation in the Face of Oil-palm Development in Indonesia
- 1. Daniel Murdiyarso March 2015 Biodiversity and Carbon Conservation in the Face of Oil-palm Development in Indonesia
- 2. • Jambi and beyond • Biodiversity loss – at all levels • In the name of development • Climate change is here and now • When enough is enough? • The way forward Outline
- 3. Jambi 20 years ago….. Murdiyarso et al. (2002)
- 4. Sumber: Danielsen et al. (2009) • Only Pteridophytes increased • Lianas, epiphytes and other palms disappear • No specialist group was found Source: Danielsen et al. (2009) Biodiversity loss: Ptridophytes
- 5. Biodiversity loss: birds and butterflies Source: Koh and Wilcove (2008)
- 6. • Shrinking of natural habitats due to Population pressures (food and fiber) Agricultural development • Poaching of “babirusa” and “anoa” Threats to endemic species in the Wallacea M. Kinnaird M. KinnairdLynn Clayton
- 7. Biodiversity and the local community perspectives • > 2,100 species • 3,642 specific uses • 119 non-substitutable Field survey results from 200 plots in East Kalimantan: Sheil et al. (2005)
- 8. Farmers’ choice Murdiyarso et al. (2002)
- 9. Why climate and biodiversity are affected • Oil palm plantations are developed at the cost of deforestation • They mostly occur on high carbon value (HCV) and high conservation forests (HCF) • GHG emissions and biodiversity loss
- 10. When enough is enough? Oilpalm development in Indonesia (x 1000 ha) Island 1985 1998 New Outstanding Kalimantan 0 563 563 4,760 Sumatra 806 2,240 1,435 9,395 Sulawesi 12 101 89 665 Papua 23 31 8 590 Maluku 0 0 0 236 Others 2 22 20 1,777 Total 843 2,957 2,115 17,423 Source: World Bank, 1999
- 11. How low can you go? Murdiyarso et al. PNAS, 2010
- 12. How long does it take to accumulate? Kurnianto et al., GCB, 2014
- 13. Fires enhance C-loss • Most fires intentionally started as a cheap method of clearing land • Drought leads to increasing incidence of accidental start or spread • Large-scale companies and local communities both contribute
- 14. Non El-Nino year and non forested lands Area burnt 163,336 ha (84% on peat). Mostly on deforested lands (82%; 133,216 ha). GHG emissions: 172 + 59 Tg CO2-eq or 31 + 12 Tg C (5–10% of Indonesia’s mean annual emissions for 2000–2005) Gaveau et al. (2014)
- 15. Building knowledge and capacity at landscape scale From climate research to action under multilevel governance 1. National REDD process and strategies 2. REDD demonstration activities 3. Monitoring and reference levels 4. Knowledge sharing
- 16. How can REDD compete with oil palm? 16 Source: Butler et al. (2009)
- 17. REDD “win-wins” solutions …. but for whom? Emissions reductions and • improved biodiversity conservation • improved forest governance • improved local livelihoods
- 18. Potential risks to manage • …of leading to human rights violations • …of making poor people worse off • …of corruption • …of ineffectiveness
- 19. Macro fauna in National Parks nearby REDD+ projects National Park Area (ha), Date established, and coordinate Recorded macro fauna Nearby REDD+ Project (Name, area, developer) Berbak, Jambi 162,700 (1992) 1o23’S 104o20’E Sumatran tiger, tapir, Sumatran rhinoceros, Chinese egret, lesser adjutant stork, Kingfisher, white-winged wood duck, giant turtle, Batagur turtle, and saltwater crocodile Berbak Carbon Value (BCV) 250,000 ha, 700,000 tonnes CO2e y-1 Zoological Society of London, Environmental Resource Management Sembilang, South Sumatra 205,100 (2001) 2o1’S 104o33’E Sumatran tiger, Asian elephant, Malayan tapir, siamang, golden cat, sambar deer, saltwater crocodile, Sembilang fish, giant freshwater turtle, freshwater dolphin Merang REDD+ Pilot Project (MRPP) 24,000 ha EU-giz Danau Sentarum, West Kalimantan 132,000 (1999) 0o51’N 112o6’E Asian arowana, clown loach Botia, storm’s stork, great argus, crocodiles Kapuas Hulu REDD Pilot Project 300-400 tonnes CO2e y-1 FORCLIME/KfW/giz Gunung Palung, West Kalimantan 90,000 (1990) 1o14’S 110o14’E Orangutans, Agile gibbons, proboscis monkeys, silver langurs, red-leaf monkeys, hornbills Ketapang REDD Pilot and Community Forestry 26,778 ha Fauna and Flora International (FFI) Tanjung Puting, Central Kalimantan 415,000 (1982) 2o56’S 112o02’E Orangutan, proboscis monkeys, gibbons, macaques, clouded leopards, sun bears, wild boars, porcupines, sambar deer Avoided Deforestation and Peatlands Rewetting 90,000 ha, 100 million tonnes CO2 in 30 years Rimba Raya Conservation, InfiniteEARTH Sebangau, Central Kalimantan 530,000 (1939) 2o33’S 113o50’E Agile gibbon, orangutan, large green pigeon, storm’s stork, lesser adjutant Kalimantan Forest Carbon Partnership (KFCP) 130,000 ha Australian Agency for International Development
- 20. A conceptual framework to generate combined carbon and biodiversity benefits
- 21. Concluding Remarks • Unprecedented growth of oil palm development and weak governance of state forest lands have led to massive forest loss in the past three decades • Deforestation of C-rich peatlands are of most immediate ecological and socio-economic concerns • Land-use change has more immediate effects on biodiversity compared with climate change that one generation can observe • Climate change and biodiversity offer a challenging frontier for sciences and new knowledge to flourish and make further impacts in the policy arena
- 22. 22
- 23. ENOUGH IS ENOUGH Thank you cifor.org/swamp blog.cifor.org ForestsTreesAgroforestry.org